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Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) increasingly view social entrepreneurship as means to expand their mission scope while simultaneously diversifying revenue streams and strengthening financial foundations. However, the pursuit of social entrepreneurial ventures often incites a tug-of-war phenomenon between the deep-rooted social welfare logic of the parent NPO and a newly evolving commercial logic at the subsidiary social enterprise (SSE). The present study seeks to understand how NPOs navigate such logic conflicts as they strive to become more entrepreneurial. Based upon case studies of two NPOs, we found divergence in organizational identity, legitimacy, and mission/vision between parent nonprofits and their SSEs as they struggled with a defining question: Are we a program or are we a business? Our research indicates that organizations reconcile such cognitive dissonance through four distinct processes: connecting, variegating, separating, and augmenting social welfare and commercial logic spheres. We, thus, contribute to the social entrepreneurship and nonprofit management literatures by illustrating ways in which noncommercial organizations may address issues of logic divergence when engaging in revenue-generating commercial activities.

In this chapter, the authors focus on the development of the peer-to-peer (P2P) lending industry in China. As a modern borrowing platform, P2P lending allows clients to obtain funding from peer lenders for a multitude of loan purposes, including credit consolidation, personal purchases, and the development of business ventures. However, the speed at which this industry has grown has created numerous problems for regulatory agencies, particularly in China, the largest P2P lending market in the world. This chapter examines how lenders in the Chinese context continue to function as formal institutions regulating this sector continue to grow following a series of highly publicized illegal lending activities in recent years. Additionally, the authors determine whether implemented regulatory measures are providing an overall benefit or detriment to the Chinese P2P lending industry. Finally, the authors highlight the potential for positive social change and social entrepreneurship arising from P2P lending, particularly in terms of the empowerment of traditionally disadvantaged groups by providing access to capital. The authors use the P2P lending industry in the United States, currently the second largest in the world and one operating in a highly regulated financial industry, as a comparison for the Chinese case.

Emission of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) from cement factories results in a wide range of negative health effects to its workers. It induces substantial cost incurred by them in the form of wage loss and mitigation cost. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to estimate emission-induced cost of illness (COI) and the share of this cost that could be saved through limiting the current emission level at national safety standard.

COI approach which accounts workers’ wage loss and mitigation cost due to emission-induced illness was used in this study. A sample of 120 workers from three factories followed by 40 from each was randomly surveyed for collecting information on their health status and mitigation cost. It covered almost 10 percent of cement factory workers in the south-west region of Bangladesh. In addition, factory-specific emission data were also collected from the Department of Environment for addressing the study objective.

It revealed that the average level of SPM emission by these factories which was almost three times higher than the national safety standard induced 34.39 million Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) (USD0.46 million) as COI paid by workers yearly. It accounted around 28 percent of their annual income of which 64 percent worth BDT22.16 (USD0.30) million could be saved by meeting the standard annually.

This study provides insights into the essence of regulating cement industrialists toward meeting the national safety standard of emission.

The purpose of this study is to propose a method to retrieve data on an event based on a preliminary collection of event-specific hashtags.

Extra knowledge, or a list of events with recorded features that can be used to characterize an event and separate it from other simultaneously occurring social phenomena, is employed. The first step involves the estimation and use of the impact area to retrieve messages from Twitter. This is followed by an extraction of hashtags from these messages. After that, the noisy hashtags would be filtered out by some heuristic rules. Finally, hashtags are used to collect relevant messages from not only Twitter but also other social media platforms.

The proposed method has high selectivity and is able to collect distinct sets of hashtags even for similar simultaneous events. In addition, spatial and temporal features are sufficient to improve collecting information of disaster events.

This work discusses a method of information retrieval of an event from cross-platform social media. The proposed method can be applied to other studies of geographically related events.

This paper seeks to understand how new practices that challenge established norms and values become institutionalized by studying the development of corporate philanthropy in France over three decades (1979–2011). Our inductive qualitative study uncovers the processes that enable actors at both field- and organizational-levels to enhance a new practice’s internal and external legitimacy, ultimately leading to its institutionalization. In particular, we identify the central role of a community of practice as a bridge between the field-level, purposive interventions (theorizing, influencing policy) of an institutional entrepreneur and the organizational-level, emergent interventions (mobilizing, embedding) of frontline practitioners experimenting with the new divergent practice, thereby enabling its legitimation and, ultimately, its institutionalization. As such, our findings contribute to refining our understanding of institutionalization processes as inherently distributed and to uncovering communities of practice as the missing link between “heroic” entrepreneurs’ interventions and the hidden work of frontline practitioners implementing the new practice.

In this chapter, we reexamine the notion that socially responsible behavior by firms will lead to increased financial performance. By identifying the underlying processes, institutional settings, and actors involved, we present a framework that is more attentive to the multiplicity and conditionality of the mechanisms operating in the often tenuous connection between firms’ social behavior and financial performance. Building and expanding upon existing analyses of the CSP–CFP linkage, our model helps to explain the mixed results from a wide range of empirical studies which examine this link. It also provides a novel theoretical account to help guide future researches that are more attentive to conditionalities and contextual contingencies.